Definition
Cadmium toxicity, better known as cadmium poisoning, happens when an excessive amount of the substance is present in the body, causing various adverse effects that can lead to significant damage.
Everyday use
Cadmium is a metal that is used in various industrial processes everyday. It is a component of a number of metal alloys and solder, especially aluminium. It is also used in nickel plating, electroplating and vapour lamps. Then there is engraving as well as nickel-cadmium batteries. It even has a place in pharmaceuticals, and is used to treat parasites in poultry and pigs. They can also be found in certain toys and containers.
Causes
People who are exposed to a lot of cadmium are predisposed to cadmium toxicity. The most common cause is the lack of appropriate precautions. In places that use cadmium, the ideal situation requires that airflow in and out of these places is regulated and that the air quality is tested regularly. Cadmium fumes are released from things like oil and coal. It can also make its way into water and soil, endangering anybody who ingests the water or who eats produce grown in that soil.
Signs and symptoms of poisoning
There are a number of signs and symptoms that an individual will have during cadmium toxicity. If the substance was ingested they include choking, vomiting, painful anal sphincter spasms, abdominal pain, increased salivation and anaemia. They may not necessarily have all these symptoms.
If the substance was inhaled then symptoms include cough, a dry throat, headache, chest pain, vomiting, bronchospasm, lung inflammation and muscle weakness. These symptoms are especially marked in children and they should be rushed to the emergency room as soon as possible.
Diagnosis
A doctor can usually make a diagnosis based on the symptoms, as well as a history that indicates the possibility of cadmium exposure. A good history will differentiate whether this is truly cadmium toxicity or not.
Treatment
The treatment for cadmium poisoning is basically aimed at relieving the symptoms. If the patient was exposed to a very large amount then haemodialysis may be used. This is basically a way to filter the blood so that the cadmium can be removed to detoxify the body. There is also the option of using a chelating agent to increase the amount of cadmium removed from the body.
Prevention
Since cadmium can be found in both the workplace and homes, the necessary measures must be taken to avoid exposure. In a place of work where cadmium is used there should always be good ventilation. Ground water and soil should be inspected for cadmium. Places that burn fossil fuels like oil and coal should have their output monitored and the air quality regulated.
In the home, nickel-cadmium batteries should be disposed of properly. They shouldn’t be left lying around especially if there are children around. When buying toys for children special care should be taken to make sure that they are cadmium free. Containers that are coated with cadmium should not be used to store food.
